Neurofeedback - the whole story
Written by Paul Farrington
July 2006
The Whole Story
There is a story of a
seeker, who traveled to a remote area in search of a certain Native
American elder. The elder was a chief whose wisdom was renowned. At
length he found someone who could direct him to the chief and serve as
a translator. When the elder eventually gave consent, the pair came
before the old wise one. The seeker spoke, “I have came from afar to
speak with you because…” Without waiting for translation the elder
gently held his palm up to interrupt the man, and his own language
replied, “I know why you have come. Your people have lost their
instructions for living. And now you have come to get ours.”
I have
been lucky enough to stumble into times of great joy, peace, and
exaltation. But, pain I had experienced, and seen in the faces of
others left me wondering. What was the difference? How could we work to
create the best expression of our lives? In essence, I was seeking
Life’s Instructions. But I was confident that somehow each of us could
experience the full richness of peace, joy, and good health during our
days on Earth. Over many years I sought out and delved into many of the
world’s religious, spiritual and wisdom traditions, new and old. Again
and again my passion arose to pursue the full potential of human
consciousness and how can it be used by each person to reduce suffering
and promote peace and joy in his or her life and the lives of others. I
wanted to find the simplest, easiest and most effective way to enable
each person to live the kind of life he or she wants.
Initially I obtained degrees in psychology and philosophy from Colgate
University. I decided at the last minute not to pursue my doctorate in
psychology at the time because I felt the programs were too
traditional, and treatments lacked the integrity of consistent,
effective outcomes. Following this, for the past twenty years I have
done extensive research of the major wisdom, mystical, spiritual, and
religious traditions. I sought from them the most basic foundations of
health, happiness, and awareness so that I could effectively alleviate
suffering, both personal and that of others. In addition to psychology,
all of the following are powerful teachers for me and speak deeply to
that goal: Buddhism, Taoism, Native American earth-based philosophy,
martial arts, yoga, energy healing, vipassana, new age spirituality,
athletics, non-linear dynamic systems, neurolinguistic programming,
complexity and chaos theories, and modern physics. I have done all of
this personal experiential research toward finding what seems to create
the most consistent positive outcomes, for the most broad spectrum of
people and problems, with the least effort, pain, and expense.
Neurofeedback, I feel, is this tool.
Neurofeedback is a potent tool; the best I’ve found with respect to
simplicity, ease, effectiveness, and swift results. Specifically,
neurofeedback is a method of improving lives by enhancing brain
function. By placing electrodes on a person’s scalp, the electrical
activity of the brain, or brainwaves, can be monitored. The brainwaves
correspond directly to the activity of the biochemistry, of the brain,
the activity of the neurotransmitters, but are vastly more adaptable.
As a result, it can be revealed whether the brain is efficiently
humming along with the flow of current experience or whether it is
struggling. The client receives this information, moment by moment.
This is the key process, the feedback of information that facilitates
adaptation and transformation. While someone is engaged in
neurofeedback training, she instantaneously gets intricate and
otherwise imperceptible information about her mental activity. It is a
learning process where she observes her brain alternately working
smoothly, then struggling; flowing, then stuck; sharply focused, or
unsteady. In a broad sense the client learns to recognize when she is
in “the zone” mentally and when she is faltering.
To do this training is easy. A client just relaxes in a comfortable
chair while listening to music. Sometimes there is video to watch,
other times the eyes may be closed. There are no mental tasks to
perform and no need to concentrate on achieving a certain mental state.
The client knows her brain’s energy has become unsteady because the
music briefly stops, then resumes as the brainwaves rebalance. But the
feedback also has an unconscious element. Each time the music stops, it
acts like a tap on the shoulder. The tap interrupts the current train
of thought. In this case, interrupting the tendency toward mental
struggle and excessive or unsteady mental effort. Most people as they
are guided more and more into “the zone” find the training very
relaxing. Ideally, the process is more about undoing misguided mental
habits than creating new or better ones. Over time the mental habits
change favoring calm, balance, and focus over distraction,
overthinking, and hyper-arousal. Physical and emotional symptoms fall
away as a result. As the brain learns to become more efficient and
effective, the reduction of redundant and unstable mental performance
saves energy. As new energy becomes available it will go where it is
needed to restore and enhance our mental and physical health.
Neurofeedback fulfills the conditions I originally sought. That is, it
is simple, easy, and it really works. It is as simple as a tap on the
shoulder to help steady your attention when it begins to waver. It is
as easy as reclining, relaxing, and listening to music. You don’t have
to try in order to notice interruptions in the flow of music. It is
easier than jogging, sitting long hours on a cushion, or talk therapy.
There is no need here to dig into painful past experiences to transcend
them. And most importantly, it works. An abundance of studies and
clinicians attest to the effectiveness of neurofeedback. As noted in
Symphony In The Brain, by Jim Robbins, leaders in the field experience
a success rate of nearly 90 percent. Consistent successes in early
research in treating ADD, addictions, and epilepsy put neurofeedback on
the map, but wide ranging effects found in both research and treatment
arenas have greatly expanded its use. It is currently gaining
popularity and is widely used for psychological disorders, systemic
physical disorders like chronic fatigue, mental or physical problems
that don’t qualify as disorders, and by those who are healthy, but want
to improve performance in some area of their lives. Imagine beginning a
meditation practice having someone or something that could alert you
immediately and precisely each time your mind began to wander. It has
been said that 20 hours of neurofeedback is roughly equivalent to 10
years of meditation.
Neurofeedback is a kind of training, not a treatment. As such, it is
not for everyone. If you are looking for a quick fix or some kind of
magic bullet, this may not be for you. If you don’t have time for 10 to
30 one-hour sessions, if you prefer expert diagnosis and treatment
without your significant input, this may not be ideal for you. If you
are not open to the potential for transformational change in your life,
you may not be comfortable with the process which often tends to shine
a bright light of awareness into unfamiliar places. And some of the
benefits that occur may be unexpected and apparently unrelated to the
original complaint. And finally, the insurance establishment is slow to
recognize the validity of some new alternative health practices and the
preventative value they might have. Not all insurance providers will
cover neurofeedback, though some do. Thus, out of pocket expense may
deter some from trying this type of technologically assisted training,
which can otherwise be more time and cost effective than other
treatments.
On the other hand, neurofeedback can be an especially good choice for
you if you have problems that have not responded well to therapy and
medication, or if you prefer not to go those routes. If you want to be
an active part of your own health care and prefer organic evolution
rather than treatment, you are likely to enjoy the training. If you
have any type of mental or physical symptoms that are related to stress
and anxiety or have problems that persist but escape traditional
diagnosis you will likely find neurofeedback helpful. And this can be
an invaluable tool for those who want to improve performance through
enhanced focus, clarity, and calm.
The
modern field of biofeedback began over fifty years ago, though the
first known experiments are over one hundred years old. Basically,
biofeedback is any set of methods and tools that use technology to
provide information about the body to better manage it. Technology is
used as an aid to reveal information that is ordinarily imperceptible.
A simple example of this is the use of a thermometer to detect a fever.
Neurofeedback is a type of biofeedback. The prefix “neuro” indicates
the involvement of neurons. Neurons are the cells of the central
nervous system and the brain. Neurofeedback, then, is the use of
technology to obtain information about our nervous system and our
brain, in particular.
The human nervous system is considered the
most complex system in the known universe. The nervous system is our
information processing system. The complex detection, analysis, and
storage of information is the basis upon which humans are considered
highly evolved. And it is good use of information about our selves and
our surroundings that carries us toward better lives and better health.
For example, if you become aware that you feel less well after eating
poor quality food, you may be more likely to change your eating
behaviors and your health will eventually benefit. The same is true for
many other aspects of your physical and mental health. If you become
aware of the consequences of too little sleep or too much caffeine, you
can adapt your behavior in order to feel and perform better.
The entire biofeedback field, including neurofeedback, is based on the
premise that having more information about our bodies and minds can
help us manage them better. In these fields the use of technology
enables us to become aware of information which is either inaccessible
to us by the normal use of our senses or is only accessible by long and
difficult training. The rise of biofeedback in the 1960’s was driven by
advances in the available technology of the time in conjunction with
new research on the effects of stress on the body. While the first
crude use of neurofeedback, or brainwave biofeedback, was in 1934, the
field began in earnest in the late 1950’s. The advances in technology
were particularly beneficial to neurofeedback, the most sophisticated
form of biofeedback. More recently, within the last ten years, the
latest advances in computer technology and the speed and power of
computing have brought the science of neurofeedback into a new era.
What is the information that we receive about our brains during
neurofeedback? The brain is an organ that is primarily designed to
receive, process, and adapt to information from our senses in order to
sustain the health of the entire system and minimize discomfort. The
brain consists of billions of neurons, the fundamental cells of our
nervous system. To process information these neurons communicate with
each other in a very complex web of connections and interactions. Each
communication from one cell to the next involves the passing of tiny
molecules called neurotransmitters across tiny gaps between cells. The
gaps are called synapses. These molecules are electrically charged,
either positive or negative, like the poles of a magnet. Electricity is
merely the flow of charged particles. For example, the current in our
walls that powers our appliances is a stream of electrons moving along
the surface of wires. As neurotransmitters move across a gap to a
neighboring cell, because they have an electrical charge, there is a
concurrent electromagnetic field. That is, electricity is present. It
is not clear whether the movement of neurotransmitters causes the
electromagnetic field, or the electromagnetic field causes the
neurotransmitters to travel. The chemical activity is indivisible from
the electrical activity, and our perceptions. It is clear, however,
that the brain and nervous system are governed by electromagnetic
current and that our thoughts and perceptions are at least as much an
electrical phenomenon as a chemical one. The newest research into
bioelectric fields suggests that the fields are primary or causative,
and the physical counterpart is secondary, the product of the
information contained in the field.
Brainwaves are recordings of the electrical currents, very tiny ones,
running throughout the brain. Like any wave they can be analyzed by
amplitude (size or strength) and frequency (waves per second, or
hertz). Decades of research have shown that different frequencies of
brainwaves correspond to specific categories of brain state or
function. And the amplitude of the waves in each category indicates the
relative strength of that activity to the overall activity at any one
time. These sub-categories of brain function do not turn on and off. At
any one time, the full spectrum of brainwave frequencies is present.
They influence overall brain function by their strength and steadiness
relative to other functions and processes. This dynamic dance of
brainwaves is a window into the energy patterns from which perception
and behavior emerge.
Much early and subsequent research demonstrates that imbalances in
these frequency bands or sub-categories of brain function correspond to
disorder or mental dysfunction. Too much or too little of one set of
brainwaves indicates a specific imbalance or malfunction in the system.
Early neurofeedback attempted to use this information to help people
improve their brain function. By attaching electrodes to a person’s
scalp, information could be gathered about the intricacies of that
person’s brain function in real time. Researchers soon realized that
people could, to a certain extent, bring their brainwaves under
conscious control.
For example, when monitored, a person might display a lack of strength
in the brainwaves known as “alpha”. Alpha waves correspond to a relaxed
and soothing state that acts as a bridge between the conscious and the
subconscious mind. In a hit or miss way, the researcher would tell the
subject, “Try to make more of these alpha brainwaves.” “But how…?” the
subject might respond. “Just try relax and try different mental
approaches, and when your alpha waves increase, a tone will sound.” A
tone or a simple computer game would inform the subject of incremental
increases in alpha waves. Little by little subjects would learn how to
change their brainwave patterns toward beneficial patterns, which
closely resembled those of healthy, normal subjects. Neurofeedback
began in this way, though it rapidly became a more sophisticated
process. Researchers found that people could improve their mental
function and their lives by intentionally changing their brainwaves.
Though neurofeedback rested on a new model of intervention involving
the bioelectrical field, the treatment model roughly paralleled the
pharmaceutical model. That is, if someone has too much of something
(like alpha waves), take some out, and if they have too little, add
some. This is a difficult prospect due to the unique and dynamic nature
of the brain and its electrical system. And despite tremendous
successes, there remain some concerns about how it works. First,
because the treatment is directly guided by the diagnosis, the
diagnosis must be precise. Second, the treatment must be equally
precise. If either of these is imperfect or inaccurate, then the
results may be unexpected, possibly undesired. This kind of
neurofeedback has the slight chance of facilitating a transition that
is too rapid or uncomfortable. Also, the diagnoses rely upon comparison
with normative databases. That is, one’s brainwaves are compared with
the brainwaves of thousands of others who have been deemed normal or
healthy. The designation of normal in this case is questionable, as the
brainwaves of individuals are widely varied, completely dynamic, and
unique. The goal should be to facilitate change toward one’s most
balanced and resilient self, not to encourage people’s brains to
approach energetic uniformity.
The latest advance in neurofeedback has been to move away from a
biochemical give and take model. The new model is based on restoring
resilience and flexibility. The new science of complexity theory
demonstrates that resilience and flexibility are the foundations of
healthy function in living organisms. When a living being is resilient,
it can bounce back to its original form when facing destabilizing or
damaging environmental factors. When flexible, it can easily adapt or
change state to meet changing needs. In the physical realm, these
traits characterize the vibrant health of children or gifted athletes.
On the other hand, rigidity, imbalance, frailty and stagnancy are
unhealthy traits that characterize the sick or aged who have lost their
vitality. The newest form of neurofeedback is specifically designed to
encourage resilience and flexibility in the brain. Rather than train
someone to increase or decrease certain frequencies of brainwaves, the
focus is on increasing the resilience of unfocused and unsteady areas
of brain function. Another way to say this is that the training helps
the brain’s energy to become more stable and thus more effective and
efficient. More effective, meaning that it does what it is trying to do
better. It is more capable of achieving its desired effect. And more
efficient, meaning that it does it with less effort. To use a computer
metaphor, the ideal is a computationally irreducible system. This is an
elegant system that is as simple as it can be - where nothing is left
over, nothing is left behind and nothing is left out. There are no
longer any unnecessary programs running in the background that
negatively impact the ability of the operating system to run all its
currently desired programs effectively.
During neurofeedback training, the monitoring equipment now detects
turbulence, or changes in stability in addition to excesses and
deficiencies of certain wave frequencies. Even if there is a normal
amount of say, alpha brainwaves, instability there can indicate that
the brain is not accomplishing what it wants in that area. The
unsteadiness in one area of brain function affects others areas as
well. For example, wobbly legs might compromise one’s ability to stand
on difficult terrain, as well as the ability of the arms to perform
delicate tasks.
In trying to understand the role of turbulence in mental function,
consider the way muscles fatigue. When a muscle is constrained to
maintain a posture or a movement it can not support, it begins to
exhibit turbulence, or trembling. If the constraint is not released,
the muscle can precipitously collapse into a new, lower energy
configuration that it can sustain. This is analogous to how the
maintenance of mental constraints can cause turbulence, which fatigues
and reduces the flexibility and the capacity of the brain.
While doing neurofeedback training, a client receives information that
his brainwaves have become unstable or turbulent in that moment. This
information actually interrupts emerging turbulence that hinders or
distracts effective information processing by presenting a change in
the environment. Information about a change in the environment will
trump emerging background thoughts and perceptions. This information is
presented as a stoppage in music and video that the client is watching.
For example, while someone trains he will be listening to music and
trying to relax. Then a momentary uncomfortable thought might arise
that his checking account is dangerously low. The brainwaves would
register a shift in brainwave patterns. Different types of mental
activities occur in different locations with distinct energy
frequencies. Specifically, the energy associated with mental calm would
drop off and the energy associated with organizing and even worrying
would surge, in that moment. At precisely the times these changes
emerge, the music that he has been listening to will click off. At the
moment the music ceases, he notices the change. (“Hey, something is
happening! What was that?”) His attention is drawn to what is happening
in his environment and taken away from the source of difficulty. (“So,
where was I?”) By directing his attention to the present, to pay
attention to what is happening right at the moment, the emerging mental
distraction is not completed and falls away. (“Oh, yes, I was listening
to music.”) Through repeated interruption of these wobbles or
distractions, the inclination towards distraction and the strength of
these distractions is greatly diminished. According to the ancient
adage, energy follows attention. That is, it is more useful to direct
attention, thus your energy to the solution, rather than feeding energy
to the problem. Not only are the wobbles diminished, but also the
connection to the present reality is increased. The same process occurs
if one has painful memories, emotional issues, or other sources of
discomfort or unease that begin to interfere with one’s ability to
interact with the present situation.
There is another important distinction between the old and the new
forms of neurofeedback. The old form requires mental concentration to
try to attain specific mental states. The new model requires no
concentration or special effort. When the feedback sounds change, it
requires no effort to notice that change. In fact, you can’t help it.
You need only be awake. As dictated by the need for food and
protection, the brain is hard wired to detect changes in its
environment and to adapt to the information. This attending and
adapting to information which is the brain’s primary function is the
foundation of neurofeedback.
With
a new understanding of the fundamentals of neurofeedback, let’s examine
the fundamentals of psychological disorder, in simple terms relating to
the energy of mental states. Simply put, disorder exists when one can’t
do what he wants to do or can’t get where he wants to be, mentally.
There can be two reasons for this. The first is that he is unable to
get into or out of a certain mental or emotional place, or function. He
is “stuck”. The second is that he can get there, but can’t achieve
stability in the desired place. He struggles, repeatedly attempting to
return to the desired place or function, but he can’t remain there.
Disorder, then, is the result of a lack of flexibility or resilience,
or both.
What we choose to call psychological “disorder” is often
actually too much order. One with inflexible, rigid, and stagnant
mental activity is commonly referred to as stuck. Mental stuckness is
the restriction, constraint, and over-control of mental function and
all the suffering that comes from fighting simultaneously to have and
to overcome these limits or stuck places. It is the collection of
perceptual and emotional redundancies that interferes with one’s
ability to interact effectively and efficiently with the unfolding of
the present situation. All of the following are examples of stuck
mental activity or the consequences of struggling for or against such
blockages: addictions, anger, chronic fatigue, depression,
hypertension, immune suppression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, pain
and headache, post traumatic stress disorder, sleep disorders and
insomnia. With neurofeedback we facilitate moment after moment the
return to the present and the release of the needless mental struggles
that limit one’s experience. All of these problems can be influenced by
neurofeedback.
Depression, anxiety, and other disorders involving deep and painful
emotional content provide examples of how disorder is born of stuck
mental energy that diverts attention from the present. The fear and
pain of deep emotional wounds continue to intrude on daily function.
The result can be deeply inefficient mental processing and exhaustion.
Only a complex reconstruction of memories and projections into the
future allows this pain from the past to continue to exist in the
present. The brainwaves here would show large irregular surges in the
lower frequencies and diminished activity in the higher frequencies.
Lower frequencies correspond to subconscious emotional content, while
higher ones correspond to conscious, rational thought. The result is
the interference of painful mental and emotional perceptions into daily
situations, which are not intrinsically unpleasant. A significant
expenditure of mental energy is required to bring up these emotions,
feel them, and to move through them.
Attention deficit disorder (ADD) is an example of mental disorder that
is characterized by instability or lack of resilience. It is the
tendency to be unable to adequately focus the attention on a specific
task, which leads to frustration, poor learning, and behavioral
problems. Brainwave or EEG data show these children to have surges of
brain activity in the area of visual imagery, which in normal children
coincides with daydreaming or closed eyed envisioning. This sheds light
on why those with ADD have to work so much harder to bring their
cognitive capacity to the forefront.
Neurofeedback can be particularly effective in helping those wishing to
reduce anxiety and the effects of stress. Not only is the training
relaxing in the moment, but it facilitates turning off the “fight or
flight” response of the autonomic nervous system. By reducing the
energy directed towards fears or threats that are either no longer
present or are not as serious as perceived, the physical and emotional
benefits of deep relaxation begin to accrue. A growing awareness of the
sensations which are warning signs of distress, and increased
resilience in the face of difficult events encourage long-term
adaptation to the challenges of modern society.
"Neurofeedback
is an existential mirror, that is, it directly presents us with our own
self and how we co-create our suffering. In short, one is thereby
presented with an existential choice: continue to re-create the
suffering or step off of the wheel of "life and death", as the
Buddhists would put it. We are actually continually presented with, or
confronted by if you prefer, this existential choice. However, in much
of our daily life we have already ensconced a number of rituals,
practices, behavior sets, relationships, and environments that allow us
to all too easily "slip back" into the sleepy dance of disorder that
has been our lives.
Most of us have been taught in one way or
another to fear change, to fear the unknown. Who knows what might
happen, if??? Of course one of the direct effects of fearing the
unknown, and fearing change, is that all we can do to "be comfortable"
is not change and not experience anything that we don't already know.
In other words, all we can do then to "feel comfortable" is to continue
doing what we've been doing that has created, maintained, proliferated
the actual suffering that we "want" to transform, or least what we
believe we should "want" to transform.
Neurofeedback presents us with our Self, the Self of disorder, that
which is most not us in our deepest truest sense. For what we are at
our deepest and truest is the pure open sky of fundamental
consciousness. And the nature of fundamental consciousness is to be
“awake" or, more simply, to be present. So neurofeedback continually
invites us to return to the present, to drop the turbulence, to choose
not to continue to recreate the suffering. And this will be experienced
as being different.
If you are trained by your life to really believe that "change is/can
be dangerous" or that "life is this veil of tears" or "I'm not good
enough", etc, etc, then that kind of change may very well seem
terrifying. And this is one of the real reasons why the Tibetans will
say to: Go to the places that scare you.
But this isn't a spiritual masochism or machismo - no! Rather, it's a
recognition that the fear, too, is actually co-created by us. It is an
illusion: only the Fantasized Experience of Awful Results (or
F.E.A.R.). How we take that "first step" the "next step" the step that
is right here, right now, the step BACK into the freedom and openness
that is our true nature, how we take that step moment after moment is
not knowable ahead of time. But having a witness present, especially a
caring, compassionate witness who has walked that same path, can be a
real support As the Chinese saying goes: i bu, i bu, lai. "this step,
this step (now), arrive". If we continue to take this next step, the
one right now in front of us, and return to the present, we continue to
(re)arrive at our own true nature."
Dr. Valdeane Brown, founder of Zengar Institute
and creator of NeuroCarePro, neurofeedback system
Not
only those seeking relief from dysfunction and disorder use
Neurofeedback. It can be a powerful tool in the process of personal and
spiritual growth. In many ways, meditation and neurofeedback are
parallel processes. The implementation of neurofeedback, its goals, and
its effects are similar to those of meditation. Virtually all
religious, spiritual, and mystical traditions advocate some type of
meditative practice. There are literally hundreds of ways to meditate
or achieve a meditative state. But the essence of meditation is to
quiet your thoughts and embrace all that is happening outside and
inside the body in the present moment.
There are instructions
that are basic to all meditations. The first is to focus your
attention. Focus on your breath, for example, or on bodily sensations,
on walking, or just doing whatever it is you are currently doing. The
second instruction is to notice and then release the object of any
distraction, any thought or idea, which was not the original object of
your focus. As soon as you notice that your focus has shifted from say,
your breath, to say, your employer’s inadequacies, you simply observe
and without judgement return the focus to your breath. Meditation is
the process of continuously returning to the object of your focus in
the present. There is a great body of evidence showing that investing
time in a regular meditation practice has many positive effects on the
body, mind, and experience of the meditator. Neurofeedback, using the
same process of focusing (on the music and the feeling of being) and
releasing (that which is not a part of being, at that moment)
facilitates similar kinds of changes, but with less effort, and vastly
quicker results.
Conceptually neurofeedback is a marriage of psychology and eastern
philosophy. And in practice it is the use of a new technology as an
aide to an ancient practice. The Four Noble Truths are the foundation
of Buddhist doctrine. They hold that the origin of suffering is
habitual clinging and aversion, and the resulting ignorance of the
totality of the present moment caused by those habits. Throughout our
lives, painful and pleasurable experiences encourage each of us to
develop psychological habits, mental places we like to go, and places
we like to avoid. Some of these places were formed consciously and
others were not, but most no longer serve their original purpose,
adapting to the (then, but no longer) current environment. The frequent
inhabitation of these places constrains the flow of the brain’s energy
and hinders its incredible capacity to receive and process information.
Neurofeedback facilitates the release of clinging and aversion (mental
inflexibility- being stuck in or out of certain functional capacities)
through continuous reorientation of the awareness to the present and
interruption of habitual tendencies toward attachment or distraction.
This is the basis for elimination of suffering and disorder at its
source. Essentially, like meditation, this is awareness training. We
learn to shift focus repeatedly from mental distractions to focused
attention on the present moment. The difference is, high-tech equipment
allows immediate and continuous perception of minute inconsistencies in
mental function. Ideally, people could sustain a long-term practice of
some physical, religious, or spiritual tradition and gain the benefits
of that practice along with its associated tradition and community. But
many of these traditions and practices are difficult, come with
unnecessary baggage, or are too time consuming for most modern people.
Also, some that have more serious mental or emotional disturbance would
find these paths impossible.
The
goal is a functional transformation, which makes the brain more
efficient and more effective, by performing all of its daily tasks with
less effort and better results. Although there are dozens of
sophisticated analyses that provide many windows on the specific data
and persuasive technicalities of improved brain function, the goal
remains very human. The goal is to help clients to be healthy,
peaceful, present, and joyous in their lives. Optimal brain function
leads naturally to optimal physical and mental health. |
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